Hello,
I am hoping someone can help me to translate the word 'courage' into its phonetic spelling. I have come across a few different versions: the most common appears to be "kʌrɪdʒ" but I have also come across "kʌɹɪdʒ"

Assistance would be greatly appreciated!!

Thanks

It is a sentence that is not clearly formulated and does not mean anything. :-)

Perhaps what the person means is this:

- Nouns are part of noun groups
- Noun groups can be the subject of the sentence. Ex: [A very tall and pretty woman] is walking on the beach.

(The noun group is surrounded with angle brackets)

I am conducting a psycholinguistic research on the conceptualization of emotions. My research compares the different emotional responses provided by American, South African and Irish English speakers with Asian responses from Chinese and Korean participants to observe the cultural differences in the conceptualization of emotions among different countries. As part of the methodology, I am approaching the participants through an online survey formed by 5 questions, these questions are in English and must be answered in English (they will take less than 8 minutes). It would be really appreciated if you could collaborate on this research by answering the questions and sending the link to your colleagues, family and friends if possible (everybody would be welcome).

Please if you know someone from these nationalities can you send them the survey?.

Thank you in advance for your collaboration. Please do not hesitate to contact me if you require further information about the survey or about other aspects of the research.

I will copy the link to the survey below:
https://emotionalresponses.limequery.com/343858?lang=en

For Chinese participants that cannot access the previous link, try this one:
https://www.wenjuan.com/s/F7FbQnK/

Thank you both for your very helpful responses!! (and sorry for my late response; I was expecting an email when a response came in, so I'm still figuring this forum out).

Daniel, I appreciate your response very much. I suspect that reasonable guessing is all that is really wanted out of this particular question of the test. To that end, your tips are very helpful, so thank you!

Panini, thanks so much for doing some extra research on the matter! It is confusing that there would be such a discrepancy. Anyway, I don't think I've misinterpreted the directions. Just for good measure, I've included the instructions here as shown on the exam (in the original Japanese) and with my translation:

問１。次のデータは、Alabamanのものです。下の設問に答えなさい。
[alabaman word data list as previously included, with more examples]
(Rand, Earl (1968) The Structural Phonology of Alabaman, A Muskogean Language.
International Journal of American Linguistics, vol. 34-2, pp. 94-103.　の表記を若干改変）
［問１−１］
a,b,d,k,pについて、例にならって、ドットで音節境界を示しなさい。
例：［geŋ.go.ɣa.ku］
----
Translation:

Q1. The following data is of Alabaman. Answer the questions below.
[Alabaman word list]
(Rand (1986)... has been slightly altered)
[Q1-1] For a,b,d,k,p, place a dot at the syllable boundary, as shown in the example.
Example：［geŋ.go.ɣa.ku］
-----
So at least, there is an acknowledgement that the original data has been altered and might even just be fictitious, probably for the sake of exercise. Regarding the role of syllables in simplifying phonological rules, I'll say that the following questions ask to describe the rules for long vowel sounds, aspiration, and nasalization. So maybe the syllable question is just a way of priming us to think about it when we describe the other phenomena. And I'm sure the whole thing is more of a "given these examples, what kinds of linguistic patterns can you detect?" rather than "tell us the real story about Alabaman" (hence the altering of the original data).


Well thank you both again for your (very quick) answers! I will look forward to continuing to use linguistforum!

The reason I am concerned as it seems to me that be the case but if I say something happened that seems to entail "a doing".

For example I was told existing is stative

Yet "I do exist" seems to entail "That I am existing".

The latter seems to reconstructable as " existing is something I am doing"

Correct me if I'm wrong but "do" is dynamic