Hi,
Part 0.
Verb - transitive (see'', ...) /have
... active participle and
... passive participle/
Doer,
Active,
the 1st Sufferer,
Passive,
the 2nd- intransitive (go', ...) /have only
... active participle/
Doer,
Active,
the 1st Part 1.
"Participles"-
noun from Verb
-
adjective/Participle/ from Verb
-
adverb from Verb
Part 2.
Adjective/ParticipleJohn
read'' book.
/
read as Connection of John (
the 1st) and book (
the 2nd);
read is transitive (
read'')/
John -
Doer,
Active,
the 1stBook -
Sufferer,
Passive,
the 2nd===
https://www.etymonline.com/word/participle#etymonline_v_7257-
https://www.dictionary.com/browse/participle?s=t"(Grammar)
An adjective or complement to certain auxiliaries that is regularly derived from the verb in many languages and refers to participation in the action or state of the verb; a verbal form used as an adjective. It does not specify person or number in English, but may have a subject or object, show tense, etc., as burning, in a burning candle, or devoted in his devoted friend."
===
a. Participle after
be'John
read''(any tense) book.
-
John
be' (any tense)
past active participle of read.
The book
be' (any tense)
past passive participle of read (by John).
-
John
be' (any tense)
present active participle of read.
The book
be' (any tense)
present passive participle of read (by John).
-
John
be' (any tense)
future active participle of read.
The book
be' (any tense)
future passive participle of read (by John).
===
b. Participle after
have'' /
a small detour - again participle after be /
/ boss: Go and get me the evening paper.
/ a worker: I will go.
/ a good worker: I am going.
/an excellent worker: I am gone. (go' is intransitive, it has only
... active participles. In this case
gone is a
past active participle - no Passive Voices on the horizon.)
/
/A man finishes his meal an says "I'm done". (in this case
done is also a
past active participle. He means "I have finished (...)." - no Passive Voices on the horizon.)
/
/
From the Context (one level up) One guesses the type of the participle in English. /
/be' and go' (and ...) are intransitive and yet they make Perfect Tenses in English with
Have.
This is illogical. They had to make Perfect tenses with Be.Because after
Have in
Perfect tenses stands
past passive participle AND intransitive verbs Do Not Have
past passive participle.
BUT for Simplification/Standardization in English was taken
The "illogical"/Formal approach (
Formal past passive participles of Intransitive Verbs are used in
Perfect tenses (after HAVE) and
that keeps Passive Voice Clear/Simple - only with
BE). In German was taken "more logical" approach which brings
werden in Passive Voice (which is on the other hand illogical).
/
/
After HAVE one expects SOMETHING.
Past passive participle after HAVE (both for Intransitive(
Formal approach) and Transitive verbs)(is an adjective which) states the
NAME of the action/state(Verb). It is
that SOMETHING.
And
that SOMETHING is in (has)
Neuter Gender.
(1.) John has an apple.
(2.) Jane has a written (by John) book.
(3.) Jane has a book written (by John). /"And I'm not insane, my mother had me tested."/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mr6XHJ7qcSE(4.) Jane
has [written a book (by Jane)].
(5.) Jane
has [written (by Jane) a book].
(6.) Jane
has been to Australia. /be' - intransitive; been is
Formal Past passive participle in neuter gender (adjective) which is
/perceived as noun/
name of the verb(7.) John
has gone to Spain. /go' - intransitive; - " -
===
In English one can sense:
*
past active participle*
past passive participle
*
present active participle* absence of
present passive participle
* absence of
future active participle* absence of
future passive participle
/Words from Latin like summ
and, add
end, subtrah
end,
/multiplic
and, divid
end, refer
endum ...
/
/ -
end
/ /
E -
A/
/ -
and
/
/
https://www.affixes.org/alpha/e/-end.html /
/
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:Main_Page /
/one for simplicity may take them as
/
present passive participles which NAME (are used as names/nouns for) things.
/
/
https://www.affixes.org/alpha/e/-end.html /
-en3, also
‑n form
past ... participles of strong verbs.
/
/
https://www.affixes.org/alpha/e/-en3.html*
noun (from a verb) "Participle" /the "time" of nouns is (always?) "now"?/
*
adverb (from a verb) "Participle" /probably only(?)
present active "Participle"/
===
"Con": Participles in English are well swept under the rug. And "(grammatical) Voice" is a collaborator/an accomplice.