In English, generally time (tense, or aspect) is only marked on verbs.
When other words seem to have similar suffixes, that is because they are used as
derivational suffixes to derive an adjective or noun from a verb. (-ing derives both adjectives and nouns from verbs; and -ed/-en, the past participle, derives adjective forms from verbs. Note that sometimes they still function like verbs as in complex tenses like "was eating".)
There are, however, some languages that do have real tense marking on nouns. You can read about it here:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominal_TAMThe closest parallel in English would be expressions like "ex-wife" or "ex-president" (past), vs. "future-present" or "president-elect" (future). We rarely use expressions like that (although "ex-" is not so uncommon).
As for adjectives, there are many languages that do not fully distinguish between adjectives and verbs. So if you find a language with a "past tense adjective" it is probably just a past tense verb with an English
translation as an adjective. Imagine if "green" is a verb meaning "to be green", something like "The leaf greens" (=is green). I don't know of languages that have something like "adjectival tense" when adjectives are not like verbs. Maybe some languages could also use the nominal tense marking on adjectives, like "The ex-green leaf"? I'm not sure about that.
