You should read a textbook about historical linguistics. Actually one that I can recommend is called "A History of Languages" by Tore Janson (and there's an older book that I believe has some of the same material, called "Speak", I believe).
By "Jewish language" you probably mean Hebrew. It's old in the sense that it has been documented for toward 3 millennia, but it isn't the oldest documented language, or even the oldest continuously documented language. (That is probably Ancient Egyptian, which then became Coptic ans is recently extinct, or maybe still spoken by a handful of people. Sanskrit also has a very old history. Chinese is documented almost as long as Hebrew, I think. And then Akkadian and its modern descendants (now endangered) are almost as old as Egyptian.)
But what is an "old" language. That description actually makes no sense. All languages are old. Older than history. (There are a few that are "new", because they were born recently in some sense-- for example, pidgins and creoles, and some sign languages, but those are special cases.)
Languages change, spread into dialects, and then those dialects become hard for speakers to understand each other. And then we call them languages.
Importantly, speakers of (Modern) English today cannot understand Old English from 1000 years ago. Some languages have changed less (for example, Icelandic is almost the same as Old Norse and speakers can generally read old texts without too much trouble) but all languages change. Speakers of modern Hebrew cannot (fully) understand Biblical Hebrew without education. Of course most do study that older form of the language, so they can read it, but that's not because it's the same as the modern language.
German
ic is a family of languages that all descend from a common ancestor (known as Proto-Germanic, which is not directly documented). Both English and German are descendants from that. But English did not come from German itself. They're just related-- daughters of the same mother.
You can read more about this on Wikipedia easily:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_languagesAnd the Germanic languages are just one sub-family within the larger Indo-European family:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languagesI would very strongly recommend Janson's book (this is discussed mostly in chapter 2-- chapter 1 is about what a "language" even means).
For more about Proto-Indo-European and how those languages spread and where they came from, check out Anthony's (2007?) "The Horse, The Wheel, and Language".
As for a first language, we don't really know. Janson jokingly points out that based on current theories and evidence we can be fairly certain the first language was spoken between 40,000 and 2 million years ago. We don't know. But we do know it was at least tens of thousands of years ago: humans who migrated that early all share the same genetic ability to speak languages and probably inherited something from the same or similar early languages, maybe even a "Proto-World". (We can't prove or even really argue for a single Proto-World language, but it's an idea most linguists would probably expect to be correct unless we found some evidence against it.)